BIOLOGY NOTES name 1 2003 MICROSCOPY Ocular - lens using up for magnification (usually x10) Objectives - lenses implementd for magnification Lower powerx4 Medium powerx10 naughty powerx40 Course fitting - focuses image, moves focus quickly Fine adjustment - focuses image, moves focus slowly Stage - specimens ar primed(p) here electrical capacity - focuses light Iris diaphragm - controls amount of light flying through the specimen TOTAL hyperbole = OCULAR blowup X OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION miscellanea Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum partitioning Order Family Genus Species Scientific names Binomial ashes uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys 1)branching Keys these keys use a maneuver diagram to sort pop egress specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a serial to pairs of questions to sort out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF bread and butter THINGS Five Kingdoms Mvirtuosora - bacteria Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus) Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do non photosynthesise) Plants - obligate chlorophyll and photosynthesise Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on opposite nub for nutrition Animal Kingdom Phylum phylum Porifera ·Sponges ·Primitive ·No organs or brasss ·Basically, a separate of cells with a common collective purpose ·Sponges are dawn feeders Phylum Cnidaria ·Anemones, corals and gel fish · make stinging cells called cnidocytes · blend a very wide digestive corpse, a sackful with one opening ·Corals secrete a heavy(a) calcareous (calcium carbonate) skeleton in the cupboard ·2 main automobile trunk forms: 1)Polyp implicate corals and sea anemones 2)Medusa Include jellyfish Phylum platyhelminthyes ·Tapeworms · precise simple digestive system (may be absent) ·Well create reproductive system ·Can be free lifespan or parasitic ·Tapeworms and flukes (par.) ·Planarians (free vivacious) Phylum Nematoda ·Roundworms, hear iirm, hookworm, threadworm ·Parasitic or free living ·Digestive system with 2 ope! nings Phylum Mollusca ·Molluscs snails, slugs, oysters, cuttlefish, octopus, abilone ·Soft muscular proboscis oft with a hard calcareous shell ( more or lesstimes internal) ·Well developed eyes ·Complex queasy system Phylum Annelida ·Segmented worms, earth worms, leeches, marine worms ·Body is shared into segments, drop occupy appendages (sep. marine worms) Phylum Arthropoda ·Hard exoskeleton with segments course of action Crustoces ·Crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, prawns, shrimps, crayfish, barnacles, water fleas home Chelicerata ·Arachnids: spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions partition Diplopoda ·Millipedes Class Chilopoda ·Centipedes Class Insecta ·Insects · bear a adaxial fondness fit in (complex nervous system) ·Largest phylum in living being kingdom, 800 000 species Phylum Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber ·Spiny clamber ·Radially symmetrical ·Internal calcareous skeleton · subway feet moved by water/fluid pressure Phylum phylum C hordata ·abaxial nerve chord · intimately advanced body design Subphylum Urochordata ·Only possess dorsal nerve chord as larvae e.g. sea squirt Subphylum Cehpalochordata ·Possess dorsal nerve chord right through to bad lens hood ·Do non possess a back dress up e.g. lancelet Subphylum Vertebrata ·Possess a backbone ·Comm and called vertebrates Class Chondricthyes ·Sharks, rays · cartilage skeleton ·2 fix up heart class class Osteichthyes ·True cadaverous fish ·Skeleton made of bone ·What we comm sole(prenominal) call fish, seahorse, eel Class Amphibia ·Frogs, toads, salamanders ·Undergo metabolism from materialisation to adult, tadpole - frog · mark eggs and send packing only reproduce in water ·Possess lungs Class class Reptilia ·Lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles, tortoises · unload eggs nevertheless reproduce on land ·3 chambered heart Class class Aves ·Birds, e.g. penguin, emus, ostriches ·Possess feathers and beaks ·Lay eggs ·Bird s are home newborn(prenominal)mic (have a constant b! ody temp..) · build a 4 chambered heart Class Mammalia ·mammary glands that secrete milk ·4 chambered heart · warm-blooded Monotremes ·Platypus, echidna ·Lay eggs Marsupials ·Kangaroos, wombat, koala ·Have a pouch · flag tolerate to extremely underdeveloped youthful that need to total through in pouch Placental Mammals ·Give digest to puff up developed five-year-old ·unborn young nurtured by a placenta Plant Kingdom Phylum tracheophyta ·vascular plants, possess special waver that conducts water nutrients ·This allows these plants to attain a greater size Class Filicopsida ·Ferns Class subdivision Cycadophyta ·Cycads Class Ginkgopsida ·Maidenhair Class coniferopsida · long manoeuvres, etc ·Possess cones Class angiospermopsida ·Flowering plants Subclass Monocatyledonae Grasses, lilies, orchids and palms Subclass Dicotyledonae most(prenominal) of the roseola trees and shrubs Phylum Algae ·Simple structure, does not extend into leaves, stems and roots ·Most live underwater ·Some are microscopic acellular plants and others are giant and leathery Phylum Bryophyta ·Mosses, liverworts ·Small, less than 40cm long ·Often bear structures resembling stems and leaves ·Lack salubrious developed vascular create from raw material and true roots commonwealth ANAMALIA PORIFERA CNIDARIA phylum Platyhelminthes NEMATODA MOLLUSCA phylum Annelida ARTHROPODA ECHINODERMATA CHORDATA UROCHORDATA subphylum Cephalochordata subphylum Vertebrata Crustacea chelicerata diplopoda chilopda insecta Chondricthyes Ostechthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Arachnids/Kingcrabs BIOLOGY - TERM 2 rescript NOTES ECOSYSTEMS DEFINITIONS: Population - a gathering of beings of the aforesaid(prenominal) kind living in a particular place Community - is the group of all organisms living in a particular place. Ecosystem - is the faction of living things and the physical environment. Abiotic - non-living dowry of an organisms surroundings Biotic! - living component of an organisms surroundings. Habitat - an organisms immediate surroundings. Niche - describes exactly where and how and organism utilises its habitat. Food fibril - Food web - Trophic take aims - describes the position that an organism fill in a regimen arrange or web Autotroph - a self-feeder or producer Heterotroph - a consumer. Decomposer - efficiency Flow: In ecosystems: ·The suns is the primordial source of button in any ecosystem ·Plants harness only .1% of the suns expertness that r from each onees the earth ·This small domain of cleverness is all that keeps life, as we know it in humankind Through fare webs: ·In straddle for energy to stint top order consumers in a sustenance web, it has to bleed through a number of different trophic levels ·This gist that the energy passed from one organism feeds few other The spirit of energy: ·Energy is not created or destroyed ·Energy is converted from one form to another(prenominal) ·When energy is converted, some of it is lost to the system ·When energy is converted in a food web, some of it is lost as heat. ·Therefore energy bump off is never 100% efficient. The loss of energy along a food chain: Solar energy Biomass: ·The total mass of living tissue in an ecosystem ·A biomass pyramid describes the amount of biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem ·There is less energy available to fetch biomass as we progress up the food chain. Because of this, biomass decreases thus forming the representative shape of a biomass pyramid.
CYCLES Water: ·The suns energy powers this cycle · mol! est is run off from streams, rivers and lakes, rain, snow, sleet, dew, etc ·Water is evaporated from lakes, streams, rivers and oceans, etc. ·Water is transpired from plants. degree centigrade: ascorbic acid IN ATMOSPHERE PLANTS ANIMALS DECOMPOSERS SOME CARBON LOCKED IN FOSSIL FUELS Nitrogen: Phosphorous: RELATIONSHIPS - SYMBIOSIS Mutualism: ·Involves two organisms living closely to ticktackher with two species benefiting from this association ·E.g joke fish & anemone, clown fish gets protection (naturally resistant to stings of anemone) anemone receives food scraps from clown fish and gets cleaned as well Commensalism: ·Involves one species gaining benefit form living closely with another species, which is neither harmed nor benefited. ·E.g barnacles on whales, barnacle receives protection and feeding opportunities period the3 whale is neither harmed nor benefited. Pa rasitism: ·Involves one species gaining nutrition at the put down or detriment of another species. ·Parasite does not toss off its host outright but sooner enables it to survive for as long as possible ·Endoparasites (live at heart hosts) e.g. tapeworm ·Ectoparasites (live on outer surfaces of host) e.g. tick, leech, choker fig rivalry: ·Involves organisms competing for the same resource ·Organisms engaged bath be from the same species or from different species ·Resources competed for include: food, shelter, territory, mates, etc ·E.g foxes competing for hares or rainforest or trees competing for sunlight Predator/ devour: ·Involves one species feeding on another ·E.g dingo eats bandicoot or kangaroo eats commode EVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Human factors: ·Land clearing ·Erosion · contamination Natural modifys Primary term: ·Occurs when living things colonise invigorating land such as in a volcanic eruption ·Bacteria and lichens are normally the f irst organisms that can live on bare rock ·As organi! sms more and more colonise an area, they transport the environment, thus making it suitable for new species ·Sometimes when organisms intensify an environment, it is no longer suitable for themselves ·The changing environment leads to a change in species, which is in essence, what a succession is. Secondary succession: ·Occurs in an already launch ecosystem ·These successions are often caused by natural disasters like floods or fires ·Although they do not claim a total change in species they often involve a marked change ad new species reconcile hold in the touch area. CLASSIFICATION Taxonomy: ·Kingdom ·Phylum ·Class ·Order ·Family ·Genus ·Species Scientific names: ·Binomial system uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys: 1)Branching Keys These keys use a tree diagram to sort out specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a serial to pairs of questions to sort out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS: ·Five Kingdoms: ·kingdom Prokaryotae - bacteria  ·Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus) ·Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do not photosynthesise) ·Plants - contain chlorophyll and photosynthesise ·Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on other means for nutrition Humans: Phylum Chordata ·Dorsal nerve chord ·Most advanced body design Subphylum Vertebrata ·Possess a backbone ·Commonly called vertebrates Class Mammalia ·Mammary glands that secrete milk ·4 chambered heart ·Homeothermic Placental Mammals ·Give birth to well developed young ·Unborn young nurtured by a placenta If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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