Effects of Methamphetamine on the Human Body What Cases Have Been Seen to Prove this and How It Leads To Addiction Essay

effect of iceamphetamine on the Human Body What Cases Have Been Seen to Prove this and How It Leads To dependanceIntroductionPart A What effectuate does the over dep closingency to icing cause to the human body. Are there any cases that have been survey to prove this and if yes which ones ar they? ice rink is a powerful, gamely addictive comment that is a bitter tasting white vitreous silicaline powder guiltless of smell. In street language it is popularly known as ice, chalk, crystal or meth with high solubility in water and alcohol making it an easy target for packaging into miscellaneous forms. Methamphetamine affects the substitution nervous system and once it is in the body system, it creates a misfortunate exclusively intense rush and users start experiencing a perceive of change magnitude exertion, decreased appetite, and strong spots of well being, high energy levels and sense of more(prenominal) than power with the feeling fixed from a period of 20 minutes to 12 hours. When the make start to where off, the user is left with a feeling of drained helplessness and depression this effect leads to the user having a high craving for the medicine to master(prenominal)tain the state of euphoria. This craving for a sense of well being, hyper activity sense of power is what leads to addiction. Addiction to nut has to a large extent been sort out as a moral offspring by the public while to medical practitioners it has as well gained tip as a medical issue. Methamphetamine causes breeding of lieu effects which be increased activity, euphoria and decreased appetite with tripe being more potent because it passes through the descent brain barrier and enters the brain cells. The effects are more wide lasting making it more dodgy on the substitution nervous system. It has been reported to have effects lasting as long as eight hours. This inquiry will focalise largely on the scientific research that has been carried out on deoxyephedrine addiction, its font effects and how it causes them and any remedies.Part B By the end of this ingesting process, the interest objectives should be met.Reasons that lead to use of methamphetamine should be clearly understood.The versatile side effects should be well describe and possible causes explained.Mechanisms involved and leading to methamphetamine addiction should be comprehended. medically methamphetamine was developed for the treatment of nasal blockages and clearance of bronchioles in the lungs. recently it has been used in low dosages for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity infirmity and also in weight loss programmes but in a controlled manner and prescriptions is usually not refilled. Effects of methamphetamine vary and they mostly depend on the dosage type. For small panellings, the drug causes strong and rapidly addiction, lack of residual, increased job pressure, pulses and respiration with de creased reaction times. This effects leads to a desire for more and in large doses, it causes convulsions, overheating of the body, and in more severe cases stroke and even heart attacks. The side effects are groupinged into the following major categories (Methamphetamine in Jefferson County, 2008 p 3). natural effects The most noticeable are muscle shakyness, tremors and seizures dental decay, weight loss, anorexia, coughing, dry mouth , facial aging, brain damage kidney, heart and coloured damage, skin sores and infection and also increased risk of stroke.Cognitive effects This effects lead to decreased ability to recognize and recall wrangle and pictures, make inferences hedge information, learn from draw and users have the tendency to edit out irrelevant informationPsychological effects These effects are classified into both depending on the duration for short enclosure effects users experience increased sense of euphoria, high confidence and increased ale rtness. The users stupefy more talkative, they are not bored easily and have an increased sexuality drive. change magnitude confidence increase alertness change magnitude good sense of humour Increased. Long term effects include increased aggression, lack of sleep they become over anxious and are confused most of the time. Meth users become moody and they develop psychotic behaviours characterized by false delusions, they become paranoid and become suicidal. When ingested by pregnant women, the methamphetamine dissolves in the blood stream and is able to pass through to the fetus. The effects on the unhatched children are diverse and so serious since they affect the normal development of the child. The most common effects are premature child carry and low relationship rates for long time users, low birth weight since the mother does not eat enough food ascribable to poor appetite and in most severe cases brain damage. Nutritionally, the cosset is disadvantaged si nce the mother does not care a lot obscure from craving for the next fix.Mechanisms leading to methamphetamine addiction Addiction to methamphetamine is caused by the drugs pharmacology mainly how it is ingested, absorbed in the body, broken in the body and excreted (Otero et al., 2006 p. 4). The pharmacology of the drug is quite a complex process which involves the peripheral and central nervous actions. The drug belongs to the group of drugs known as amphetamines with a structure closely related to that of epinephrin norepinephrine and dopamine (Kish, 2008 p. 2). Due to its structure which is close to that endogenous neurotransmitters the drug is classified as a sympathomimetic drug and as much(prenominal) it interacts with sympathetic receptors of the central nervous system. Specifically, methamphetamine interacts with pre-synaptic receptors and induces effects by private-enterprise(a) antagonisms. There are different modes of methamphetamine usage and they det ermine how long the effects take to kick in and also increase the chances and comfort of addiction. When ingested the effects may take up to twenty minutes to be effected while I snorting the effects set in much quicker as fast as five minutes. The two routes of usage are not so much addictive. Highest rates of addiction have been reported when the route of intake was intravenous injection and lung consumption through smoking. These last two routes potentiate risk of addiction since the drug is absorbed more rapidly in the brain.Effect on the central nervous system The amphetamines potent central nervous system turn out as a result of the plow of biogenic amines from the nerve terminals. This heighten release of norepinephrine results in the anorexia effect of amphetamine and together with release of dopamine it creates a feeling of euphoria. When higher levels of dopamine are released to the mesolimbic system, it results in increased levels of serotonin which is responsib le for mental disturbances and the psychotic behaviours. When the high dose of reaches the brain, it leads to a decrease in the levels of dopamine and serotonin and this is achieved through the activity reduction of the enzymes used in their synthesis mainly tyrosine dehydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase respectively.The following table shows a list of websites that were visited for the purpose of this researchTitle of report Website Retrival dateMedication and behavioral treatments (2004) www.psattc.org11-11-2014 infantren at clandestine methamphetamine labs circumstances meths youngestVictims(2006) www.ojp.usdoj.gov10-11-2014NIDA Community do drugs Alert Bulletin Methamphetamine (n.d.). www.drugabuse.gov10-11-2014Methamphetamine Drug Facts 2005 www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov11-11-2014Parenting Children Who Have Been Exposed to Methamphetamine (n.d) www.orparc.org10-11-2014The sites used for this pick up are from various government departments, and organizations that carry out various health and substances abuse researches. From the websites, they end with either gov. or org. meaning they are time-honoured websites. Hence, the information obtained from these websites is also reliable and thus they were considered for this paper. In addition, the sources have prove based reports where quantitative or qualitative research were used to deliver the reports thus making the data included in this paper truly reliable and viable.Part CData from various website sources on methamphetamine and journals published online was used to come up with this report.Table showing the various side effects for methamphetamine usersPhysical effects Cognitive side effects Short term psychological effects Long term psychological effectsWeight loss Failure to recall pictures Increased good mood Mood disordersKidney and heart damage Failure to learn from experience Increased alertness Lack of sleep and increased anxiousnessIncreased risk of stroke Decreased ability to make inferences Increased talkativeness Confusion and aggressionSkin sores and infections Decreased ability to manipulate information Increased confidence Increases psychotic behaviourTooth decay Increased sex drive Hallucinations and increased suicidal tendenciesIncreased transmission of human immunodeficiency virus due to sharing injecting needles Table showing usage of methamphetamine in terms of age (a 2003 survey on methamphetamine users among college dismission children and non-college attention children obtained from NSDH, 2005).Ages/ grades use at least once Used in the outgoing class Used in the last 30 daysCollege students 5.8% 2.6% 0.6% new-fangled adults(19-28) 8.9% 2.7% 0.7%Table showing use of methamphetamine in USA (NSDH, 2005 n.p)Used at least once Used in the old year Used in the last 30 days12+ geezerhood 4.9% 0.6% 0.2%Table showing use of methamphetamine in school going children (NSDH, 2005 n.p)Grade Used at least once) Used in the past year Used in the last 30 dayseighth 2.5% 1.5% 0.6%10th 5.3% 3.0% 1.3%12th 6.2% 3.4% 1.4%Part D Comprehensive data obtained from various government and non-governmental websites, show that methamphetamine abuse cuts across all ages and genial classes with the high-risk groups being flock with low self-esteem, sociable pressure such(prenominal) as weight loss to gain an athletic or mold body, depression, and those traumatised. While continued abuse leads to addiction, amount and ingestion routes are also determinants with smoking and injection contributing greatly to addiction. Though used medically for nasal and bronchial blockages, its abuse is the main concern due to the resulting side effects and the damages it causes.Journal Methamphetamine side effects are as a result of it passing through the brain blood barrier into the brain cells, where its main action is to decrease extracellular monoamine neurotransmitters, curiously dopamine, via interfering with their reuptake and promoting their r elease at the nerve endings (Fleckenstein, et al., 2007 p. 687). Dependency on methamphetamine is a serious issue with major medical, psychiatric and social economic impacts in the society (Lapworth, et al., 2009 p. 383). Withdrawal from methamphetamine also results in impaired social functioning, fatigue and aggressiveness and more craving for the drug. This terror affects most people and users should not be alienated but helped to get over the vice by taking them to rehabilitation centres. While it has been used medically to solve medical conditions such as nasal and bronchial blockages, it twist round is the main problem. Methamphetamine abuse cuts across all ages and social classes with the main contributing factors being low self-esteem, peer pressure, social pressure, depressions and even people suffering from traumas. The resulting side effects vary from person to person but prolonged abuse results to both physical defects such as tooth decay, weak limbs due to poor appetite, damages of organs especially the heart, kidney and liver and also psychological effects. The psychological effects are usually aggressive behaviors which endangers their lives and of those around them and psychotic behaviors which leads them in committing suicide.ReferencesFleckenstein A., E., Volz, T., J., Riddle, E., L., Gibb, J., W., and Hanson, G., R. 2007. New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines. Journal of annual Review in Pharmacology and Toxicology. 47 681698.Kish, S., J. 2008.Pharmacologic mechanisms of crystal Methamphetamine. Journal of Canadian Medical Association, 178 (13)1679-1682.Lapworth, K., Dawe, S., Davis, P., Kavanagh, D., Young, R., Saunders, J. 2009. Impulsivity and positive psychotic symptoms influence hostility in methamphetamine users. Journal of Addictive Behaviours ,34 380385Methamphetamine in Jefferson County. 2008. Methamphetamine in Jefferson County. arrangement the Impact of Methamphetamine cry out Issue Paper and Recomme ndationsNIDA Community Drug Alert Bulletin. n.d. Methamphetamine. www.drugabuse.gov.Office of national Drug Control Policy. 2005. Methamphetamine. www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov.Otero, C., Boles, S., Young, N. K., & Dennis, K., 2006. Methamphetamine Addiction, Treatment, and Outcomes Implications for Child Welfare Workers. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services system Center for Substance Abuse TreatmentSubstance abuse department. 2008. National Survey of Drug Use and Health National Findings. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.US Department of Justice. 2004. Children at hush-hush Methamphetamine Laboratories. www.ojp.usdoj.gov.Source document